如何将 WeMos D1 Mini based on ESP-12F ESP8266 连接至 ThingsBoard？

Connectivity: HTTP, MQTT, WIFI
Chip: ESP8266
Platforms: Community Edition, Professional Edition, Cloud

概述
- 前置条件
在ThingsBoard中创建设备
安装所需库和工具
连接设备到ThingsBoard
使用共享属性控制设备
使用RPC控制设备
总结

概述

WEMOS D1 mini基于32位ESP8266微控制器，内置Wi-Fi模块。
设备闪存容量为4 MB。
升级版WEMOS D1 mini配备16 MB内存、SMD天线及外接天线接口。
两种型号的板子尺寸和引脚位置一致。

本指南将介绍如何在ThingsBoard上创建设备、安装所需库与工具。
随后将修改代码并上传到设备，并查看运行结果及通过导入的仪表板在ThingsBoard上查看数据。设备将借助客户端与共享属性请求功能与ThingsBoard保持同步。
同时，我们将使用共享属性或 RPC 请求控制设备。

前置条件

继续本指南前，需具备：

WeMos D1 Mini based on ESP-12F ESP8266
Arduino IDE
ThingsBoard Cloud账户或已安装的本地服务器

在ThingsBoard中创建设备

为简化流程，我们将在界面中手动创建设备。

登录ThingsBoard实例并进入 实体 > 设备 页面。
点击右上角 ”+” 按钮并选择 添加新设备。
输入设备名称，例如 “My Device”。其他字段可保持默认，点击添加创建设备。
设备已添加完成。

登录ThingsBoard实例并进入实体 > 设备页面。 — 登录ThingsBoard实例并进入 **实体 > 设备** 页面。

点击右上角 "+" 按钮并选择添加新设备。 — 点击右上角 **”+”** 按钮并选择 **添加新设备**。

输入设备名称，例如 "My Device"。其他字段可保持默认，点击添加创建设备。 — 输入**设备名称**，例如 “My Device”。其他字段可保持默认，点击添加创建设备。

安装所需库和工具

为Arduino IDE安装开发板：

Go to File > Preferences and add the following URL to the Additional Boards Manager URLs field.

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

然后进入 Tools > Board > Board Manager 并安装 ESP8266 开发板。

在搜索框中输入ESP8266并安装Espressif Community的esp8266。

在搜索框中输入ESP8266并安装Espressif Community的esp8266。

安装完成后，通过工具 > 开发板 > ESP8266 > LOLIN(WEMOS) D1 R2 & mini 选择开发板。

用USB线连接设备与电脑，并在工具 > 端口 > /dev/ttyUSB0 中选择设备端口。

端口随操作系统不同而不同：

Linux下为 /dev/ttyUSBX
MacOS下为 usb.serialX.. 或 usb.modemX..
Windows下为 COMX。

安装ThingsBoard Arduino SDK需执行以下步骤：

进入工具选项卡，点击 管理库。
在搜索框中输入 ThingsBoard 并点击找到的库的安装按钮。

在搜索框中输入 ThingsBoard 并点击找到的库的安装按钮。 — 在搜索框中输入 **ThingsBoard** 并点击找到的库的安装按钮。

基于ESP8266或RP2040芯片的开发板还需安装 “mbedtls” 和 “arduino-timer” 库。

在库搜索框中输入 mbedtls 并安装 Seeed_Arduino_mbedtls by Peter Yang 库
在库搜索框中输入 arduino-timer 并安装 arduino-timer by Michael Contreras 库

在库搜索框中输入 mbedtls 并安装 Seeed_Arduino_mbedtls by Peter Yang 库 — 在库搜索框中输入 **mbedtls** 并安装 **Seeed_Arduino_mbedtls by Peter Yang** 库

在库搜索框中输入 arduino-timer 并安装 arduino-timer by Michael Contreras 库 — 在库搜索框中输入 **arduino-timer** 并安装 **arduino-timer by Michael Contreras** 库

至此已安装全部所需库与工具。

连接设备到ThingsBoard

连接设备前，需先获取其凭证。
ThingsBoard 支持多种设备凭证类型，本指南使用默认自动生成的访问令牌（access token）。

点击设备列表中的行以打开设备详情。
点击“复制访问令牌”。令牌将复制到剪贴板，请妥善保存。

点击“复制访问令牌”。令牌将复制到剪贴板，请妥善保存。 — 点击“**复制访问令牌**”。令牌将复制到剪贴板，请妥善保存。

接下来将开发板接入ThingsBoard并烧录程序。
可使用下方代码，其中包含本指南所需的全部功能。

#if defined(ESP8266)
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#define THINGSBOARD_ENABLE_PROGMEM 0
#elif defined(ESP32) || defined(RASPBERRYPI_PICO) || defined(RASPBERRYPI_PICO_W)
#include <WiFi.h>
#endif

#ifndef LED_BUILTIN
#define LED_BUILTIN 99
#endif

#include <Arduino_MQTT_Client.h>
#include <Server_Side_RPC.h>
#include <Attribute_Request.h>
#include <Shared_Attribute_Update.h>
#include <ThingsBoard.h>

constexpr char WIFI_SSID[] = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID";
constexpr char WIFI_PASSWORD[] = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD";

// See https://thingsboard.io/docs/getting-started-guides/helloworld/
// to understand how to obtain an access token
constexpr char TOKEN[] = "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN";

// Thingsboard we want to establish a connection too
constexpr char THINGSBOARD_SERVER[] = "localhost";
// MQTT port used to communicate with the server, 1883 is the default unencrypted MQTT port.
constexpr uint16_t THINGSBOARD_PORT = 1883U;

// Maximum size packets will ever be sent or received by the underlying MQTT client,
// if the size is to small messages might not be sent or received messages will be discarded
constexpr uint32_t MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE = 1024U;

// Baud rate for the debugging serial connection.
// If the Serial output is mangled, ensure to change the monitor speed accordingly to this variable
constexpr uint32_t SERIAL_DEBUG_BAUD = 115200U;

// Maximum amount of attributs we can request or subscribe, has to be set both in the ThingsBoard template list and Attribute_Request_Callback template list
// and should be the same as the amount of variables in the passed array. If it is less not all variables will be requested or subscribed
constexpr size_t MAX_ATTRIBUTES = 3U;

constexpr uint64_t REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS = 5000U * 1000U;

// Attribute names for attribute request and attribute updates functionality

constexpr const char BLINKING_INTERVAL_ATTR[] = "blinkingInterval";
constexpr const char LED_MODE_ATTR[] = "ledMode";
constexpr const char LED_STATE_ATTR[] = "ledState";

// Initialize underlying client, used to establish a connection
WiFiClient wifiClient;

// Initalize the Mqtt client instance
Arduino_MQTT_Client mqttClient(wifiClient);

// Initialize used apis
Server_Side_RPC<3U, 5U> rpc;
Attribute_Request<2U, MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attr_request;
Shared_Attribute_Update<3U, MAX_ATTRIBUTES> shared_update;

const std::array<IAPI_Implementation*, 3U> apis = {
    &rpc,
    &attr_request,
    &shared_update
};

// Initialize ThingsBoard instance with the maximum needed buffer size, stack size and the apis we want to use
ThingsBoard tb(mqttClient, MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE, Default_Max_Stack_Size, apis);

// handle led state and mode changes
volatile bool attributesChanged = false;

// LED modes: 0 - continious state, 1 - blinking
volatile int ledMode = 0;

// Current led state
volatile bool ledState = false;

// Settings for interval in blinking mode
constexpr uint16_t BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MIN = 10U;
constexpr uint16_t BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MAX = 60000U;
volatile uint16_t blinkingInterval = 1000U;

uint32_t previousStateChange;

// For telemetry
constexpr int16_t telemetrySendInterval = 2000U;
uint32_t previousDataSend;

// List of shared attributes for subscribing to their updates
constexpr std::array<const char *, 2U> SHARED_ATTRIBUTES_LIST = {
  LED_STATE_ATTR,
  BLINKING_INTERVAL_ATTR
};

// List of client attributes for requesting them (Using to initialize device states)
constexpr std::array<const char *, 1U> CLIENT_ATTRIBUTES_LIST = {
  LED_MODE_ATTR
};

/// @brief Initalizes WiFi connection,
// will endlessly delay until a connection has been successfully established
void InitWiFi() {
  Serial.println("Connecting to AP ...");
  // Attempting to establish a connection to the given WiFi network
  WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    // Delay 500ms until a connection has been succesfully established
    delay(500);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
  Serial.println("Connected to AP");
}

/// @brief Reconnects the WiFi uses InitWiFi if the connection has been removed
/// @return Returns true as soon as a connection has been established again
const bool reconnect() {
  // Check to ensure we aren't connected yet
  const wl_status_t status = WiFi.status();
  if (status == WL_CONNECTED) {
    return true;
  }

  // If we aren't establish a new connection to the given WiFi network
  InitWiFi();
  return true;
}


/// @brief Processes function for RPC call "setLedMode"
/// RPC_Data is a JSON variant, that can be queried using operator[]
/// See https://arduinojson.org/v5/api/jsonvariant/subscript/ for more details
/// @param data Data containing the rpc data that was called and its current value
void processSetLedMode(const JsonVariantConst &data, JsonDocument &response) {
  Serial.println("Received the set led state RPC method");

  // Process data
  int new_mode = data;

  Serial.print("Mode to change: ");
  Serial.println(new_mode);
  StaticJsonDocument<1> response_doc;

  if (new_mode != 0 && new_mode != 1) {
    response_doc["error"] = "Unknown mode!";
    response.set(response_doc);
    return;
  }

  ledMode = new_mode;

  attributesChanged = true;

  // Returning current mode
  response_doc["newMode"] = (int)ledMode;
  response.set(response_doc);
}


// Optional, keep subscribed shared attributes empty instead,
// and the callback will be called for every shared attribute changed on the device,
// instead of only the one that were entered instead
const std::array<RPC_Callback, 1U> callbacks = {
  RPC_Callback{ "setLedMode", processSetLedMode }
};


/// @brief Update callback that will be called as soon as one of the provided shared attributes changes value,
/// if none are provided we subscribe to any shared attribute change instead
/// @param data Data containing the shared attributes that were changed and their current value
void processSharedAttributes(const JsonObjectConst &data) {
  for (auto it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it) {
    if (strcmp(it->key().c_str(), BLINKING_INTERVAL_ATTR) == 0) {
      const uint16_t new_interval = it->value().as<uint16_t>();
      if (new_interval >= BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MIN && new_interval <= BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MAX) {
        blinkingInterval = new_interval;
        Serial.print("Blinking interval is set to: ");
        Serial.println(new_interval);
      }
    } else if (strcmp(it->key().c_str(), LED_STATE_ATTR) == 0) {
      ledState = it->value().as<bool>();
      if (LED_BUILTIN != 99) {
        digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState);
      }
      Serial.print("LED state is set to: ");
      Serial.println(ledState);
    }
  }
  attributesChanged = true;
}

void processClientAttributes(const JsonObjectConst &data) {
  for (auto it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it) {
    if (strcmp(it->key().c_str(), LED_MODE_ATTR) == 0) {
      const uint16_t new_mode = it->value().as<uint16_t>();
      ledMode = new_mode;
    }
  }
}

// Attribute request did not receive a response in the expected amount of microseconds 
void requestTimedOut() {
  Serial.printf("Attribute request timed out did not receive a response in (%llu) microseconds. Ensure client is connected to the MQTT broker and that the keys actually exist on the target device\n", REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS);
}

const Shared_Attribute_Callback<MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attributes_callback(&processSharedAttributes, SHARED_ATTRIBUTES_LIST.cbegin(), SHARED_ATTRIBUTES_LIST.cend());
const Attribute_Request_Callback<MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attribute_shared_request_callback(&processSharedAttributes, REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS, &requestTimedOut, SHARED_ATTRIBUTES_LIST);
const Attribute_Request_Callback<MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attribute_client_request_callback(&processClientAttributes, REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS, &requestTimedOut, CLIENT_ATTRIBUTES_LIST);

void setup() {
  // Initialize serial connection for debugging
  Serial.begin(SERIAL_DEBUG_BAUD);
  if (LED_BUILTIN != 99) {
    pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
  }
  delay(1000);
  InitWiFi();
}

void loop() {
  delay(10);

  if (!reconnect()) {
    return;
  }

  if (!tb.connected()) {
    // Connect to the ThingsBoard
    Serial.print("Connecting to: ");
    Serial.print(THINGSBOARD_SERVER);
    Serial.print(" with token ");
    Serial.println(TOKEN);
    if (!tb.connect(THINGSBOARD_SERVER, TOKEN, THINGSBOARD_PORT)) {
      Serial.println("Failed to connect");
      return;
    }
    // Sending a MAC address as an attribute
    tb.sendAttributeData("macAddress", WiFi.macAddress().c_str());

    Serial.println("Subscribing for RPC...");
    // Perform a subscription. All consequent data processing will happen in
    // processSetLedState() and processSetLedMode() functions,
    // as denoted by callbacks array.
    if (!rpc.RPC_Subscribe(callbacks.cbegin(), callbacks.cend())) {
      Serial.println("Failed to subscribe for RPC");
      return;
    }

    if (!shared_update.Shared_Attributes_Subscribe(attributes_callback)) {
      Serial.println("Failed to subscribe for shared attribute updates");
      return;
    }

    Serial.println("Subscribe done");

    // Request current states of shared attributes
    if (!attr_request.Shared_Attributes_Request(attribute_shared_request_callback)) {
      Serial.println("Failed to request for shared attributes");
      return;
    }

    // Request current states of client attributes
    if (!attr_request.Client_Attributes_Request(attribute_client_request_callback)) {
      Serial.println("Failed to request for client attributes");
      return;
    }
  }

  if (attributesChanged) {
    attributesChanged = false;
    if (ledMode == 0) {
      previousStateChange = millis();
    }
    tb.sendTelemetryData(LED_MODE_ATTR, ledMode);
    tb.sendTelemetryData(LED_STATE_ATTR, ledState);
    tb.sendAttributeData(LED_MODE_ATTR, ledMode);
    tb.sendAttributeData(LED_STATE_ATTR, ledState);
  }

  if (ledMode == 1 && millis() - previousStateChange > blinkingInterval) {
    previousStateChange = millis();
    ledState = !ledState;
    tb.sendTelemetryData(LED_STATE_ATTR, ledState);
    tb.sendAttributeData(LED_STATE_ATTR, ledState);
    if (LED_BUILTIN == 99) {
      Serial.print("LED state changed to: ");
      Serial.println(ledState);
    } else {
      digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState);
    }
  }

  // Sending telemetry every telemetrySendInterval time
  if (millis() - previousDataSend > telemetrySendInterval) {
    previousDataSend = millis();
    tb.sendTelemetryData("temperature", random(10, 20));
    tb.sendAttributeData("rssi", WiFi.RSSI());
    tb.sendAttributeData("channel", WiFi.channel());
    tb.sendAttributeData("bssid", WiFi.BSSIDstr().c_str());
    tb.sendAttributeData("localIp", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
    tb.sendAttributeData("ssid", WiFi.SSID().c_str());
  }

  tb.loop();
}

{:.copy-code.expandable-20}



<div class="info-banner">
    <img src="/images/doc-info-icon.svg" alt="文档信息图标">
    <div>
      
      
<p>请勿忘记将占位符替换为您的真实 Wi-Fi 网络 SSID、密码及 ThingsBoard 设备访问令牌。</p>

    </div>
</div>


连接所需变量：  

| 变量名 | 默认值 | 说明 | 
|-|------------------------------|-|
| WIFI_SSID | **YOUR_WIFI_SSID**           | 您的 WiFi 网络名称。 | 
| WIFI_PASSWORD | **YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD**       | 您的 WiFi 网络密码。 |
| TOKEN | **YOUR_DEVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN** | 设备访问令牌。获取方式参见 #connect-device-to-thingsboard | 
| THINGSBOARD_SERVER | **localhost**             | 您的 ThingsBoard 主机或 IP 地址。 |
| THINGSBOARD_PORT | **1883U**                    | ThingsBoard 服务 MQTT 端口。本指南可使用默认值。 |
| MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE | **256U**                     | MQTT 消息最大尺寸。本指南可使用默认值。 |
| SERIAL_DEBUG_BAUD | **1883U**                    | 串口波特率。本指南可使用默认值。 |  

```cpp
...

constexpr char WIFI_SSID[] = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID";
constexpr char WIFI_PASSWORD[] = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD";

constexpr char TOKEN[] = "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN";

constexpr char THINGSBOARD_SERVER[] = "hostName";
constexpr uint16_t THINGSBOARD_PORT = 1883U;

constexpr uint32_t MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE = 256U;
constexpr uint32_t SERIAL_DEBUG_BAUD = 115200U;

...

数据发送部分（默认示例发送 **temperature** 的随机值及部分WiFi信息）：  
```cpp
...
    tb.sendTelemetryData("temperature", random(10, 20));
    tb.sendAttributeData("rssi", WiFi.RSSI());
    tb.sendAttributeData("bssid", WiFi.BSSIDstr().c_str());
    tb.sendAttributeData("localIp", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
    tb.sendAttributeData("ssid", WiFi.SSID().c_str());
    tb.sendAttributeData("channel", WiFi.channel());
...

然后按上传按钮或 Ctrl+U 将代码上传到设备。  








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                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/arduino-ide/upload-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt=''>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description">
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
</div>





若无法上传并出现错误 `Property 'upload.tool.serial' is undefined`，可尝试以下操作：  
  








<ul>
    
        <li> <p>进入 <strong>工具</strong> &gt; <strong>烧录器</strong> 并选择 <strong>Esptool</strong>。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>进入 <strong>项目</strong> &gt; <strong>使用烧录器上传</strong>。</p>
 </li>
    
</ul>


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                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/arduino-ide/select-esptool-programmer-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='进入 工具 > 烧录器 并选择 Esptool。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>进入 <strong>工具</strong> &gt; <strong>烧录器</strong> 并选择 <strong>Esptool</strong>。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
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                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/arduino-ide/upload-using-programmer-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='进入 项目 > 使用烧录器上传。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>进入 <strong>项目</strong> &gt; <strong>使用烧录器上传</strong>。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
</div>






## 在ThingsBoard上查看数据 {#check-data-on-thingsboard}














ThingsBoard支持创建和自定义用于监控与管理数据、设备的交互式可视化（仪表板）。  
通过ThingsBoard仪表板，您可以高效管理与监控IoT设备及数据。下面为我们的设备创建仪表板。  

将仪表板添加到ThingsBoard需要导入。请按以下步骤操作：  

- 首先下载 [检查并控制设备数据仪表板](/docs/devices-library/resources/dashboards/microcontrollers/basic/dashboard.json){:target="_blank" download="dashboard.json"} 文件。

  
    





<ul>
    
        <li> <p>进入 <strong>仪表板</strong> 页面，点击右上角 <strong>+</strong> 按钮并选择 <strong>导入仪表板</strong>。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>在仪表板导入窗口中上传JSON文件并点击 <strong>导入</strong> 按钮。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>仪表板已导入。</p>
 </li>
    
</ul>


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                <img src="/images/user-guide/dashboards/managing-dashboard/import-dashboard-1-ce-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='进入 仪表板 页面，点击右上角 + 按钮并选择 导入仪表板。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>进入 <strong>仪表板</strong> 页面，点击右上角 <strong>+</strong> 按钮并选择 <strong>导入仪表板</strong>。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
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                <img src="/images/user-guide/dashboards/managing-dashboard/import-dashboard-2-ce-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='在仪表板导入窗口中上传JSON文件并点击 导入 按钮。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>在仪表板导入窗口中上传JSON文件并点击 <strong>导入</strong> 按钮。</p>
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         class="list-item">
            
            <a href="/images/user-guide/dashboards/managing-dashboard/import-dashboard-3-ce.png" itemprop="contentUrl">
                
                <img src="/images/user-guide/dashboards/managing-dashboard/import-dashboard-3-ce-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='仪表板已导入。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>仪表板已导入。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
</div>





检查并控制设备数据仪表板结构：  













<ul>
    
        <li> <p>点击表格中的仪表板以打开导入的仪表板，查看设备数据。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>检查数据和控制设备的仪表板视图。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>从设备接收的属性。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>ThingsBoard服务器上的设备信息。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>查看LED模式变化历史的部件。</p>
 </li>
    
        <li> <p>查看模拟温度历史的部件。</p>
 </li>
    
</ul>


<div itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery" class="images-gallery"
     style="justify-content: start;">
    
        <figure itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"
                style="max-width: min(225px, 100%);
                        max-height: min(225px, 100%);"
         class="list-item">
            
            <a href="/images/devices-library/paas/thingsboard-open-dashboard-click-on-row.png" itemprop="contentUrl">
                
                <img src="/images/devices-library/paas/thingsboard-open-dashboard-click-on-row-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='点击表格中的仪表板以打开导入的仪表板，查看设备数据。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>点击表格中的仪表板以打开导入的仪表板，查看设备数据。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
        <figure itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"
                style="max-width: min(225px, 100%);
                        max-height: min(225px, 100%);"
         class="list-item">
            
            <a href="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-general-view-of-example-dashboard.png" itemprop="contentUrl">
                
                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-general-view-of-example-dashboard-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='检查数据和控制设备的仪表板视图。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>检查数据和控制设备的仪表板视图。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
        <figure itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"
                style="max-width: min(225px, 100%);
                        max-height: min(225px, 100%);"
         class="list-item">
            
            <a href="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-device-attributes.png" itemprop="contentUrl">
                
                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-device-attributes-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='从设备接收的属性。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>从设备接收的属性。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
        <figure itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"
                style="max-width: min(225px, 100%);
                        max-height: min(225px, 100%);"
         class="list-item">
            
            <a href="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-device-info.png" itemprop="contentUrl">
                
                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-device-info-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='ThingsBoard服务器上的设备信息。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>ThingsBoard服务器上的设备信息。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
        <figure itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"
                style="max-width: min(225px, 100%);
                        max-height: min(225px, 100%);"
         class="list-item">
            
            <a href="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-led-mode-history.png" itemprop="contentUrl">
                
                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-led-mode-history-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='查看LED模式变化历史的部件。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>查看LED模式变化历史的部件。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
        <figure itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"
                style="max-width: min(225px, 100%);
                        max-height: min(225px, 100%);"
         class="list-item">
            
            <a href="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-temperature-history.png" itemprop="contentUrl">
                
                <img src="/images/devices-library/basic/microcontrollers/dashboard/thingsboard-example-dashboard-temperature-history-preview.png" itemprop="thumbnail" alt='查看模拟温度历史的部件。'>
                
            </a>
            <figcaption itemprop="caption description"><p>查看模拟温度历史的部件。</p>
</figcaption>
        </figure>
    
</div>




## 使用客户端和共享属性请求同步设备状态 {#synchronize-device-state-using-client-and-shared-attribute-requests}

为在启动时从ThingsBoard获取设备状态，代码中实现了相应[功能](/docs/reference/mqtt-api/#request-attribute-values-from-the-server)。  

以下为示例代码的相关部分：  

- 引入模块以使用API功能：  
```cpp
...
#include <AttributeRequest.h>
...
Attribute_Request<2U, MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attr_request;
...
const std::array<IAPI_Implementation*, ...> apis = {
    ...
    &attr_request,
    ...
};
...

需在代码中定义要使用的API。

属性回调：

...
void processSharedAttributes(const JsonObjectConst &data) {
  for (auto it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it) {
    if (strcmp(it->key().c_str(), BLINKING_INTERVAL_ATTR) == 0) {
      const uint16_t new_interval = it->value().as<uint16_t>();
      if (new_interval >= BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MIN && new_interval <= BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MAX) {
        blinkingInterval = new_interval;
        Serial.print("Updated blinking interval to: ");
        Serial.println(new_interval);
      }
    } else if(strcmp(it->key().c_str(), LED_STATE_ATTR) == 0) {
      ledState = it->value().as<bool>();
      digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState ? HIGH : LOW);
      Serial.print("Updated state to: ");
      Serial.println(ledState);
    }
  }
  attributesChanged = true;
}

void processClientAttributes(const JsonObjectConst &data) {
  for (auto it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it) {
    if (strcmp(it->key().c_str(), LED_MODE_ATTR) == 0) {
      const uint16_t new_mode = it->value().as<uint16_t>();
      ledMode = new_mode;
    }
  }
}
...
// Attribute request did not receive a response in the expected amount of microseconds 
void requestTimedOut() {
  Serial.printf("Attribute request timed out did not receive a response in (%llu) microseconds. Ensure client is connected to the MQTT broker and that the keys actually exist on the target device\n", REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS);
}
...
const Attribute_Request_Callback<MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attribute_shared_request_callback(&processSharedAttributes, REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS, &requestTimedOut, SHARED_ATTRIBUTES_LIST);
const Attribute_Request_Callback<MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attribute_client_request_callback(&processClientAttributes, REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS, &requestTimedOut, CLIENT_ATTRIBUTES_LIST);
...

共有三个回调：

共享属性回调：专用于共享属性，主要接收包含闪烁间隔的响应，以确定合适的闪烁周期；
客户端属性回调：专用于客户端属性，接收LED模式与状态信息，收到后保存并应用这些参数；
请求超时回调：在属性数据请求超时时触发，用于处理超时。

此功能使设备在重启后能保持实际状态。

属性请求：

...
  // Request current states of shared attributes
  if (!attr_request.Shared_Attributes_Request(attribute_shared_request_callback)) {
    Serial.println("Failed to request for shared attributes");
    return;
  }

  // Request current states of client attributes
  if (!attr_request.Client_Attributes_Request(attribute_client_request_callback)) {
    Serial.println("Failed to request for client attributes");
    return;
  }
...

为使回调能接收数据，需向ThingsBoard发送请求。

使用共享属性控制设备

还可通过共享属性更新功能修改闪烁周期。

修改闪烁周期只需在仪表板上更改数值即可。
按勾选图标应用后，将显示确认消息。

在关闭闪烁时改变状态，可使用同一部件中的开关：

仅当关闭闪烁模式时方可操作。

实现该功能使用变量 “blinkingInterval”，出现在以下代码中：

Connecting modules to use API functionality:

...
#include <AttributeRequest.h>
...
Attribute_Request<2U, MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attr_request;
...
const std::array<IAPI_Implementation*, ...> apis = {
  ...
  &shared_update
  ...
};
...

使用属性请求功能需引入相关模块并将其作为所用API的一部分。

共享属性更新回调：

...

void processSharedAttributes(const JsonObjectConst &data) {
  for (auto it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it) {
    if (strcmp(it->key().c_str(), BLINKING_INTERVAL_ATTR) == 0) {
      const uint16_t new_interval = it->value().as<uint16_t>();
      if (new_interval >= BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MIN && new_interval <= BLINKING_INTERVAL_MS_MAX) {
        blinkingInterval = new_interval;
        Serial.print("Updated blinking interval to: ");
        Serial.println(new_interval);
      }
    } else if(strcmp(it->key().c_str(), LED_STATE_ATTR) == 0) {
      ledState = it->value().as<bool>();
      digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState ? HIGH : LOW);
      Serial.print("Updated state to: ");
      Serial.println(ledState);
    }
  }
  attributesChanged = true;
}

...
// Attribute request did not receive a response in the expected amount of microseconds 
void requestTimedOut() {
  Serial.printf("Attribute request timed out did not receive a response in (%llu) microseconds. Ensure client is connected to the MQTT broker and that the keys actually exist on the target device\n", REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS);
}
...
const Attribute_Request_Callback<MAX_ATTRIBUTES> attribute_shared_request_callback(&processSharedAttributes, REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MICROSECONDS, &requestTimedOut, SHARED_ATTRIBUTES_LIST);
...

订阅共享属性更新：

...
    if (!shared_update.Shared_Attributes_Request(attribute_shared_request_callback)) {
      Serial.println("Failed to request for shared attributes");
      return;
    }
...

闪烁相关代码：

...

  if (ledMode == 1 && millis() - previousStateChange > blinkingInterval) {
    previousStateChange = millis();
    ledState = !ledState;
    digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, ledState);
    tb.sendTelemetryData(LED_STATE_ATTR, ledState);
    tb.sendAttributeData(LED_STATE_ATTR, ledState);
    if (LED_BUILTIN == 99) {
      Serial.print("LED state changed to: ");
      Serial.println(ledState);
    }
  }
...

可修改逻辑以实现目标，并添加自定义属性处理。

使用RPC控制设备

可手动切换LED状态，并在常亮与闪烁模式间切换。可使用仪表板中的以下部分：

使用开关部件将LED设为常亮。
使用圆形开关部件将LED设为闪烁模式。

注意：仅在关闭闪烁模式时可更改LED状态。

示例代码中实现了 RPC 命令处理。
实现设备控制使用了以下代码部分：

Connecting modules to use API functionality:

...
#include <Server_Side_RPC.h>
...
Server_Side_RPC<..., ...> rpc;
...

const std::array<IAPI_Implementation*, ...> apis = {
    ...
    &rpc,
    ...
    }
...

使用RPC需引入相关模块并将其作为所用API的一部分。

RPC请求回调：

...

void processSetLedMode(const JsonVariantConst &data, JsonDocument &response) {
  Serial.println("Received the set led state RPC method");

  // Process data
  int new_mode = data;

  Serial.print("Mode to change: ");
  Serial.println(new_mode);
  StaticJsonDocument<1> response_doc;

  if (new_mode != 0 && new_mode != 1) {
    response_doc["error"] = "Unknown mode!";
    response.set(response_doc);
    return;
  }

  ledMode = new_mode;

  attributesChanged = true;


  response_doc["newMode"] = (int)ledMode;
  // Returning current mode
  response.set(response_doc);
}

...

const std::array<RPC_Callback, 1U> callbacks = {
  RPC_Callback{ "setLedMode", processSetLedMode }
};

...

订阅RPC请求：

...
    if (!rpc.RPC_Subscribe(callbacks.cbegin(), callbacks.cend())) {
      Serial.println("Failed to subscribe for RPC");
      return;
    }
...

可修改代码以实现您的目标，并添加自定义RPC命令处理。

总结

现在您可以轻松将WeMos D1 Mini based on ESP-12F ESP8266连接到ThingsBoard并开始发送数据。